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Question: 09. TBD How might domestic and cross-border digital payments evolve in the absence of a U.S. CBDC?

Question

How might domestic and cross-border digital payments evolve in the absence of a U.S. CBDC?

Without the advent of a U.S. CBDC, there are a few possible scenarios that will evolve. Some existing areas will be the use of:

Cryptocurrencies (i.e., Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc.) to transfer money across borders
Europay MasterCard®, and Visa (EMV)
Mobile Payment systems such as PayPal, Venmo, Zelle, Apple Pay, and Google Pay
Payment Cards such as Credit Cards, Debit Cards, Charge Cards, Prepaid Cards or Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT)
Prepaid Cards issued by banks and branded by major credit card companies such as Visa, Mastercard, Discover, and American Express
Gift Card issued by international stores and merchants such as Amazon, airlines, and hotels