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OMG Responses to Federal Reserve Discussion Paper
The Object Management Group® (OMG®), founded in 1989, is an international not-for-profit software consortium (aka Standards Developing Organization (SDO) or a Voluntary Standards Consensus Body (VSCB)) that sets standards in the many areas including distributed object computing. This means the OMG organization plans, develops, establishes, or coordinates voluntary consensus standards using agreed-upon Policies and Procedures (P&P). The P&P provides a framework for openness and transparency to aid in balancing the interests of the Stakeholders, providing due process for disagreements, and building consensus.
The OMG is not a financial institution, a government institution, or a provider of goods, services, or technology. The main goal of the OMG is to produce standard technical specifications for use by the national and international communities with a proven track record, see the Introduction). Based on our experience in formulating the responses to the questions posed in the White Paper, our members have formulated a set of recommendations to help aid the Federal Reserve to move forward with a U.S. CBDC. The OMG members are very active in 26 vertical markets, including Business, Finance, Government, Healthcare, Manufacturing, Military, Robotics, Space, and Telecoms.
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For more than forty years, the practice of systems engineering followed a linear path: requirements are documented first, followed by analysis then conceptual design—through the development life cycle. However, regardless of the engineering process employed—waterfall, incremental, iterative, spiral, and even sprint-based—the lack of integration from one phase to another in the cycle results in longer delivery times and increases costs to correct errors introduced at transition points.
Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE)1) is an initiative in the systems engineering community that uses model-based descriptions and transformations so that work occurs concurrently. Requirements collection, analysis, and specifications are performed at the same time as conceptual design. MBSE is practiced across many industries around the globe. For example, it was used to develop the world’s largest telescopes, propulsion engines for fighter jets, autonomous driving cars, software solutions to include software-defined radios, and space applications (hardware and software).
MBSE is often contrasted with a more traditional document-based approach to systems engineering, where system information is spread across many document-based artifacts (handwritten text documents, spreadsheets, and drawings). MBSE brings information together into a cohesive, integrated model of the system that:
For more information on MBSE, please see:
The Object Management Group (OMG) also recommends that the Federal Reserve use the Unified Architecture Framework (UAF) for future CBDC efforts. See OMG Unified Architecture Framework (UAF):
UAFP 1.0 supports the capability to:
The intent of UAF is to provide a standard representation for describing enterprise architectures using a Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) approach.
The Object Management Group also recommends that the Federal Reserve use the Unified Architecture Framework (UAF) for future CBDC efforts. See OMG Unified Architecture Framework (UAF), it is summarized here:
UAF Profile (UAFP) 1.0 supports the capability to:
The intent of UAF is to provide a standard representation for describing enterprise architectures using a Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) approach.
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The OMG members recommend the Federal Reserve invest Research Development Test & Evaluation (RDT&E) Funding in developing and perfecting any Consensus Algorithms required by the CBDC since they are an essential part of any DIDO implementation such as Blockchain, Distributed Ledger, Directed Acyclical Graphs, etc).
There are a few consequences to not having “the best” Consensus Algorithms for the CBDC:
Currently, in the Cryptocurrency world, most of the Mining Operations have moved from being distributed to being centralized and operated be a few select organizations in highly centralized locations. For example,
If this is true for a U.S. CBDC, then what advantage does the CBDC have over the Real-Time Payments (RTP) developed by the Automated Clearing House (ACH) Network.
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The OMG members recommend the Federal Reserve use Research Development Test & Evaluation (RDT&E) Funding in developing and perfecting Artificial Intelligence (AI) for use with and alongside a U.S. CBDC. The AI could help in detecting suspicious security and criminal activities. When combined with Biometrics and Biometric Authentication.
AI could also consider time and geospatial data to make informed decisions about the validity of a proposed transaction.
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The OMG members recommend the Federal Reserve use Research Development Test & Evaluation (RDT&E) Funding in developing and perfecting glossaries, taxonomies, and ontologies used to represent the U.S. CBDC, the Intermediaries, and the needs of the Stakeholders. There already exists an OMG Ontology, Financial Industry Business Ontology (FIBO) that probably needs to be extended or updated to handle a U.S. CBDC.
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The OMG members recommend the Federal Reserve use Research Development Test & Evaluation (RDT&E) Funding in developing and perfecting Smart Contracts. Currently, the de facto standard for Smart Contracts is the Ethereum language called Solidity. See the Ethereum Solidity Language Specification. However, there are shortcomings in the language which could either be updated or replaced with a more comprehensive language and may not even be procedural in nature. For example, the graphically based Business Process Model And Notation (BPMN). Another possibility would be to develop a standardized, Platform-Independent Model for a Smart Contract Application Programming Interface (API) which could have multiple Platform Specific Models developed from the PIM.
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The OMG members recommend the Federal Reserve use Research Development Test & Evaluation (RDT&E) Funding in developing and perfecting how to model data on a blockchain and especially what data to store on a blockchain.
TBD TBD TBD
Most of the data models underlying cryptocurrencies are pretty simple. Generally, it's a balance.
The OMG members recommend There needs to be a comprehensive study of what needs to be stored in addition to the simple balance, especially if the “ledger” is going to try and prevent criminal activity and protect privacy. It also means that there will most likely be a confederation of blockchains and the need to link these together with the blockchains. some examples of concepts not covered in the existing models are association and composition. However, this extra data comes at a cost.
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Task | Gas required | Cost (ETH) | Cost (USD) | Ops per ETH | Ops per USD | Ops per Block | Blocks to complete OP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Add or subtract two integers | 3 | 0.000000009 | 0.000002655 | 11111111.11 | 37664.78343 | 1566666.667 | 0.0000006382978230 |
Add two Integers, 1 Million times | 3000000 | 0.09 | 26.550000000 | 11.1111111 | 0.037664783 | 1.566666667 | 0.638297872 |
Task | Gas required | Cost (ETH) | Cost (USD) | Ops per ETH | Ops per USD | Ops per Block | Blocks to complete OP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Save a 256-bit word to Storage | 20000 | 0.0006 | 0.171 | 1666.666667 | 5.649711751 | 243 | 0.004255319 |
Save 1MB to Storage (31250 256-bit words) | 625000000 | 18.75 | 5531.25 | 0.053333333 | 0.000180791 | 0.00752 | 132.9787234 |
Save 1GB to Storage (31250 256-bit words) | 6250000000000 | 18750 | 5531250 | 0.00005333333 | 0.00000018079 | 0.00000752 | 132978.7234 |