OMG Responses to Federal Reserve Discussion Paper

The Object Management Group® (OMG®), founded in 1989, is an international not-for-profit software consortium (aka Standards Developing Organization (SDO) or a Voluntary Standards Consensus Body (VSCB)) that sets standards in the many areas including distributed object computing. This means the OMG organization plans, develops, establishes, or coordinates voluntary consensus standards using agreed-upon Policies and Procedures (P&P). The P&P provides a framework for openness and transparency to aid in balancing the interests of the Stakeholders, providing due process for disagreements, and building consensus.

The OMG is not a financial institution, a government institution, or a provider of goods, services, or technology. The main goal of the OMG is to produce standard technical specifications for use by the national and international communities with a proven track record, see the Introduction). Based on our experience in formulating the responses to the questions posed in the White Paper, our members have formulated a set of recommendations to help aid the Federal Reserve to move forward with a U.S. CBDC. The OMG members are very active in 26 vertical markets, including Business, Finance, Government, Healthcare, Manufacturing, Military, Robotics, Space, and Telecoms.

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Research Development Test & Evaluation (RDT&E) Funding

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Consensus algorithms are the basis of all the blockchains/DAGs. They are the most important part of the blockchain/DAG platforms. Without them(consensus algorithms) we will be left with just a dumb, immutable database.¹⁾

The OMG members recommend the Federal Reserve invest Research Development Test & Evaluation (RDT&E) Funding in developing and perfecting any Consensus Algorithms required by the CBDC since they are an essential part of any DIDO implementation such as Blockchain, Distributed Ledger, Directed Acyclical Graphs, etc).

There are a few consequences to not having “the best” Consensus Algorithms for the CBDC:

• Loss of confidence in the Federal Reserve and the CBDC by the Stakeholders
• Cost of operating the CBDC
• Unavailability during disasters
• Vulnerability during Cyberattacks

Currently, in the Cryptocurrency world, most of the Mining Operations have moved from being distributed to being centralized and operated be a few select organizations in highly centralized locations. For example,

Fundamentally, Bitcoin mining operations ad traditional data centers are similar in the basic design and operational principles. Power must be brought into the building and distributed to the requirement, air distribution systems cool the equipment, and the building provides protection from outdoor conditions and security threats.²⁾

If this is true for a U.S. CBDC, then what advantage does the CBDC have over the Real-Time Payments (RTP) developed by the Automated Clearing House (ACH) Network.

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The OMG members recommend the Federal Reserve use Research Development Test & Evaluation (RDT&E) Funding in developing and perfecting Artificial Intelligence (AI) for use with and alongside a U.S. CBDC. The AI could help in detecting suspicious security and criminal activities. When combined with Biometrics and Biometric Authentication.

AI could also consider time and geospatial data to make informed decisions about the validity of a proposed transaction.

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The OMG members recommend the Federal Reserve use Research Development Test & Evaluation (RDT&E) Funding in developing and perfecting glossaries, taxonomies, and ontologies used to represent the U.S. CBDC, the Intermediaries, and the needs of the Stakeholders. There already exists an OMG Ontology, Financial Industry Business Ontology (FIBO) that probably needs to be extended or updated to handle a U.S. CBDC.

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The OMG members recommend the Federal Reserve use Research Development Test & Evaluation (RDT&E) Funding in developing and perfecting Smart Contracts. Currently, the de facto standard for Smart Contracts is the Ethereum language called Solidity. See the Ethereum Solidity Language Specification. However, there are shortcomings in the language which could either be updated or replaced with a more comprehensive language and may not even be procedural in nature. For example, the graphically based Business Process Model And Notation (BPMN). Another possibility would be to develop a standardized, Platform-Independent Model for a Smart Contract Application Programming Interface (API) which could have multiple Platform Specific Models developed from the PIM.

Figure 1: Creating a Platform Indepenent Model (PIM) and transforming it into various Platform Specific Models (PSMs)

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The OMG members recommend the Federal Reserve use Research Development Test & Evaluation (RDT&E) Funding in developing and perfecting how to model data on a blockchain and especially what data to store on a blockchain.

TBD TBD TBD

Most of the data models underlying cryptocurrencies are pretty simple. Generally, it's a balance.

The OMG members recommend There needs to be a comprehensive study of what needs to be stored in addition to the simple balance, especially if the “ledger” is going to try and prevent criminal activity and protect privacy. It also means that there will most likely be a confederation of blockchains and the need to link these together with the blockchains. some examples of concepts not covered in the existing models are association and composition. However, this extra data comes at a cost.

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A gas is worth of 0.00000005 ETH and if you planning to store data or let’s say a 256-bit word it will cost you 20,000 gas. A kilobyte is thus 640k gas or 0.032 ETH or 16.70 USD as per the current rate of Ethereum which is $528.3 Dollar.

Now calculate the price of storing one GB of data on a blockchain decentralized ledger and blow your mind away with an enormous amount that will come up. As per the current price of Ethereum, 1MB of data will cost you up approx. 17,100 USD. Calculate the price you will need to pay to store 1GB data of data on the blockchain. Though the facts mentioned above is only true for public Ethereum blockchain while the case can be totally different if we focus on a few private or permissioned blockchain. One will, after reading the solution, definitely conceive the idea of using blockchain as the secured database is far way better than using the traditional database.

• 1 Gwei equals 0.000000001 ETH)
• median gas price (28 Gwei)
• USD/ETH exchange rate ($295/ETH)