dido:public:ra:1.2_views:3_taxonomic:4_data_tax:start
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dido:public:ra:1.2_views:3_taxonomic:4_data_tax:start [2021/09/28 14:12] nick |
dido:public:ra:1.2_views:3_taxonomic:4_data_tax:start [2022/05/27 20:08] (current) nick grammar |
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| [[dido:public:ra:1.2_views:3_taxonomic:start | return to Taxonomic Views ]] | [[dido:public:ra:1.2_views:3_taxonomic:start | return to Taxonomic Views ]] | ||
| - | Data, although on the surface appears to be a simple, straight forward concept that "everyone" understands, it is actually a complex concept with multiple facets and interpretations. Data is generall considered a plural term with the simgular form being **datum**, however, common usage allows for data to be considered as singular with the singluar-plural differentiation being restricted to academic and scientific usage. (( | + | On the surface, Data may appear to be a simple, straightforward concept that "everyone" understands, but it's not. It is actually a complex concept with multiple facets and interpretations. Data is generally considered a plural term with the singular form being **datum**, however, common usage allows for data to be considered as singular with the singular-plural differentiation being restricted to academic and scientific usage. (( |
| __Data Is or Are: Is Data Singular or Plural?__, | __Data Is or Are: Is Data Singular or Plural?__, | ||
| The Editor's Manual, | The Editor's Manual, | ||
| Line 9: | Line 9: | ||
| )) | )) | ||
| - | A more formal definition of data is provided by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)(( | + | A more formal definition of data is provided by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)(( |
| __DATA__, | __DATA__, | ||
| - | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), | + | Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), |
| Accessed: 28 September 2021, | Accessed: 28 September 2021, | ||
| [[https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=532]] | [[https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=532]] | ||
| Line 18: | Line 18: | ||
| - | Is essence, Data are individual elemental, facts, statistics, or items of information, often numeric, that are collected through observation. In a more technical sense, data are a set of values of qualitative or quantitative variables about one or more persons or objects,(( | + | In essence, Data are individual elemental facts, statistics, or items of information, often numeric, collected through observation. Technically, data is a set of qualitative or quantitative values about one or more persons or objects, (( |
| __DATA__, | __DATA__, | ||
| - | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), | + | Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), |
| Accessed: 28 September 2021, | Accessed: 28 September 2021, | ||
| [[https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=532]] | [[https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=532]] | ||
| - | )) while a datum (singular of data) is a single value of a single variable.(( | + | )) while a datum (singular of data) is a single value of a single variable. (( |
| __Data__, | __Data__, | ||
| Wikipedia, | Wikipedia, | ||
| Line 30: | Line 30: | ||
| )) | )) | ||
| - | Although the terms "data" and "information" are often used interchangeably, these terms have distinct meanings. In some popular publications, data are sometimes said to be transformed into information when they are viewed in context or in post-analysis.[3] However, in academic treatments of the subject data are simply units of information. Data are used in scientific research, businesses management (e.g., sales data, revenue, profits, stock price), finance, governance (e.g., crime rates, unemployment rates, literacy rates), and in virtually every other form of human organizational activity (e.g., censuses of the number of homeless people by non-profit organizations). | + | Unfortunately, the terms "data" and "information" are commonly used interchangeably. Nevertheless, these terms have distinct meanings and are part of a larger framework defining an increasingly ordered set of cognitive layers. See: [[dido:public:ra:xapend:xapend.i_cog_model:start]]. |
| - | Data are measured, collected, reported, and analyzed, and used to create data visualizations such as graphs, tables or images. Data as a general concept refers to the fact that some existing information or knowledge is represented or coded in some form suitable for better usage or processing. Raw data ("unprocessed data") is a collection of numbers or characters before it has been "cleaned" and corrected by researchers. Raw data needs to be corrected to remove outliers or obvious instrument or data entry errors (e.g., a thermometer reading from an outdoor Arctic location recording a tropical temperature). Data processing commonly occurs by stages, and the "processed data" from one stage may be considered the "raw data" of the next stage. Field data is raw data that is collected in an uncontrolled "in situ" environment. Experimental data is data that is generated within the context of a scientific investigation by observation and recording. | + | At the lowest layer of the Cognitive Model, data forms the basis for the other layers with each layer above being a transformation of the layer(s) below. For example, at the lowest Business Management cognitive layer is the //Data// layer, which includes basic data like sales data, revenue, profits, and stock prices. The next layer of the Cognitive model is for //information// that is usually an association of data to each other. For example, stock prices as related to profits. The next layer is //knowledge// which might be a correlation of how profits are related to stock price. At the highest layers of the cognitive models -- //Understanding// and //Wisdom// -- data, information and knowledge are presented in the form of data visualizations (e.g., scatter plots, heat maps, and network models). |
| - | Data has been described as the new oil of the digital economy.[4][5] | + | Data has been described as the new oil of the digital economy. (( |
| + | Yonego, Joris Toonders, | ||
| + | __Data Is the New Oil of the Digital Economy__, | ||
| + | July 23, 2014, | ||
| + | Accessed: 28 September 2021, | ||
| + | [[https://www.wired.com/insights/2014/07/data-new-oil-digital-economy/]] | ||
| + | ))(( | ||
| + | __Data is the new oil__, | ||
| + | July 16, 2018, | ||
| + | Accessed: 28 September 2021, | ||
| + | [[https://spotlessdata.com/blog/data-new-oil]] | ||
| + | )) | ||
| + | There are several taxonomies that cover Data within a DIDO. These taxonomies are not additive in nature but also not mutually exclusive. For example, any data within the DIDO can have a Cognitive classification, as well as, a state and/or a digital taxonomy. A piece of data can be classified as **Knowledge**, **At Rest**, and a **Coin**; or might just as easily have been classified as **Understanding**, **In Motion**, and a **Non-Fungible** asset. | ||
| + | Data taxonomies are described in detail in the following sections: | ||
| + | <nspages -tree dido:public:ra:1.2_views:3_taxonomic:4_data_tax: -exclude -subns -pagesInNs -h1 -textNs=""> | ||
| - | There are several taxonomies that cover Data within a DIDO. The taxonomies are not additive in nature rather than mutuall exclusive. For example, any data within the DIDO can have a Cognitive classification as well as a state and or a digital taxonomy. A piece of data can be classified as **Knowledge**, **At Rest**, and a **Coin**; it might just as easily been classified as **Understanding**, **In Motion**, a **Non-Fungible** asset. | + | Data is a complex concept that, unfortunately, when employed as a term is overloaded. Generically, it can describe any of a range of concepts from a simple data point to a complex range of data and their associations. In the [[dido:public:ra:xapend:xapend.i_cog_model:start| Cognitive Model]] data is just one level in the human cognitive hierarchy. |
| - | The three taxonomies are described in detailed in the following sections: | ||
| - | * [[dido:public:ra:1.2_views:3_taxonomic:4_data_tax:01_cog_taxonomy:start]] | + | : //In any data project, there are likely to be two components. The first is the data collected, assembled, or generated. Think of it as the raw content in the system. It could be hourly temperature readings from a sensor, the age of individuals in a survey, recordings of individual voices, or photographs of plant specimens. The second component is the data system in which the data is stored and managed. (( |
| - | * [[dido:public:ra:1.2_views:3_taxonomic:4_data_tax:02_state_taxonomy:start]] | + | |
| - | * [[dido:public:ra:1.2_views:3_taxonomic:4_data_tax:03_digi_taxonomy:start]] | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | + | ||
| - | + | ||
| - | + | ||
| - | Data is a complex concept and unfortunately the term is overloaded. Generically, it can describe all a range of concepts from a simple data point to the complex range of data and its association. In the [[dido:public:ra:xapend:xapend.i_cog_model | Cognitive Model]] data is just one level in the human cognitive hierachy. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | + | ||
| - | : //In any data project, there are likely to be two components. The first is the data collected, assembled, or generated. Think of it as the raw content in the system. It could be hourly temperature readings from a sensor, the age of individuals in a survey, recordings of individual voices, or photographs of plant specimens. The second component is the data system in which the data is stored and managed.(( | + | |
| __Introduction to intellectual property rights in data management__, | __Introduction to intellectual property rights in data management__, | ||
| Cornell University, | Cornell University, | ||
| Line 62: | Line 65: | ||
| ))// | ))// | ||
| - | We usually do not think of data content separate from the system in which it is stored, but the distinction is important in terms of intellectual property rights. The question is what, if anything, is protected by [[dido:public:ra:xapend:xapend.a_glossary:c:copyright]]. Data that is factual has no copyright protection under U.S. law; it is not possible to copyright facts. Not all data is in the public domain. A project might, for example, use copyrighted photographs; the photographs are part of the project’s “data.” In many cases, the data in a data management system as well as the metadata describing that data will be factual, and hence not protected by copyright. | + | We usually do not think of data content as separate from the system in which it is stored; however, this distinction is very important from the perspective of intellectual property rights. The question is what, if anything, is protected by [[dido:public:ra:xapend:xapend.a_glossary:c:copyright]]. Under U.S. law, data that is merely factual has no copyright protection; it is not possible to copyright facts. Not all data is in the public domain. A project might, for example, use copyrighted photographs because the photographs are part of the project’s “data.” In many cases, the data in a data management system, as well as, the metadata describing that data will be factual, and hence not protected by copyright. |
| A database, on the other hand, can have a thin layer of copyright protection. Deciding what data needs to be included in a database, how to organize the data, and how to relate different data elements are all creative decisions that may receive copyright protection. | A database, on the other hand, can have a thin layer of copyright protection. Deciding what data needs to be included in a database, how to organize the data, and how to relate different data elements are all creative decisions that may receive copyright protection. | ||
| - | Because of the different copyright status of databases and data content, different mechanisms are required to manage each. Copyright can govern the use of databases and some data content (that which is itself original), but contract law, trademarks, and other mechanisms are required to regulate factual data. | + | Because of the different copyright statuses accorded to databases and their data content, different mechanisms are required to manage each. Copyright can govern the use of databases and some data content (that which is itself original). In contrast, contract law, trademarks, and other mechanisms are required to regulate factual data. |
| - | + | The third word in the acronym DIDO is __//Data//__, therefore every [[dido:public:ra:xapend:xapend.a_glossary:n:node|node]] manages and controls data. The data within a node is classified as either: | |
| - | The third word in the acronym DIDO is __//Data//__ and every [[dido:public:ra:xapend:xapend.a_glossary:n:node|node]] therefore, manages and controls data. The data within the node is classified as either: | + | |
| [[dido:public:ra:1.2_views:3_taxonomic:4_data_tax:03_digi_taxonomy:1_ledger| ledger data]], | [[dido:public:ra:1.2_views:3_taxonomic:4_data_tax:03_digi_taxonomy:1_ledger| ledger data]], | ||
| [[dido:public:ra:1.2_views:3_taxonomic:4_data_tax:03_digi_taxonomy:2_ancillary| ancillary data]] or | [[dido:public:ra:1.2_views:3_taxonomic:4_data_tax:03_digi_taxonomy:2_ancillary| ancillary data]] or | ||
| [[dido:public:ra:1.2_views:3_taxonomic:4_data_tax:03_digi_taxonomy:3_external| external data]]. | [[dido:public:ra:1.2_views:3_taxonomic:4_data_tax:03_digi_taxonomy:3_external| external data]]. | ||
| - | <figure> | + | <color red><todo @char>This section has been heavily revised -- need to review</todo></color> |
| - | {{ dido:public:ra:1.2_views:1_stake:2_tech_views:2-nodenet:3_node:nodedata.png?300 |}} | + | |
| - | <caption>Types of Node Data | + | |
| - | </caption> | + | |
| - | </figure> | + | |
| - | <nspages -tree dido:public:ra:1.2_views:3_taxonomic:4_data_tax: -exclude -subns -pagesInNs -h1 -textNs=""> | + | |
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dido/public/ra/1.2_views/3_taxonomic/4_data_tax/start.1632852754.txt.gz · Last modified: 2021/09/28 14:12 by nick
