====== 2.3.4.1.4 Understanding Cognitive Layer ======
[[dido:public:ra:1.2_views:3_taxonomic:4_data_tax:01_cog_taxonomy:start | Return to Cognitive Taxonomy of Data]]

The Understanding Cognitive Layer is a level of the Cognitive Model. See: [[dido:public:ra:xapend:xapend.i_cog_model:start]]

<figure>
{{  :dido:public:ra:1.2_views:3_taxonomic:4_data_tax:01_cog_taxonomy:screen_shot_2021-09-29_at_10.42.36_am.png?600  |}}
<caption>The Understanding Layer of the Cognitive Model</caption>
</figure>

Yingxu Wang ((
Yingxu Wang,
__Formal Cognitive Models of Data, Information, Knowledge, and Intelligence__,
WSEAS Transactions on Computers
Accessed: 29 September 2021,
E-ISSN: 2224-287, Colume 14, 2015, Page 770-781
[[http://www.wseas.us/journal/pdf/computers/2015/b5072610-109.pdf]]
)) does not direcgtly define Understanding, but does describe **Intelligence**. Wang defines **Intelligence**  as the fourth level of cognitive objects 
in the brain. Intelligence may be classified into the
categories of reflexive, perceptive, cognitive, and 
instructive.

Although all animal species possess reflexive and 
perceptive intelligence, only humans and a few 
advanced species have developed the abilities of cognitive 
and instructive intelligence. 

Yingxu Wang ((
Yingxu Wang,
__Formal Cognitive Models of Data, Information, Knowledge, and Intelligence__,
WSEAS Transactions on Computers
Accessed: 29 September 2021,
E-ISSN: 2224-287, Column 14, 2015, Page 770-781
[[http://www.wseas.us/journal/pdf/computers/2015/b5072610-109.pdf]]
)) defines **Intelligence** as a human or a 
system’s ability that transforms information into 
behaviors.

Paradigms of intelligence include natural 
intelligence, artificial intelligence, machinable 
intelligence, and computational intelligence. The 
development of cognitive robots, cognitive 
computers, intelligent systems, and software agents 
indicates that intelligence may also be created or 
implemented by machines and man-made systems. 



Stavros and Albrant ((
Stavros, Robert W. and
Albrant, Jeremiah;
__Engineering Governance__,
SPAWAR,
October 9, 2007,
)) define **Understanding** as an interpolative and probabilistic concept that reflects **Wisdom** concepts.


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