DIDO Wiki dido:public:ra:xapend:xapend.a_glossary:a

After Action Review (AAR)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-10-04T13:40:07-0400

After Action Review (AAR) Return to Glossary An After Action Review (AAR) is a structured review or de-brief (debriefing) process for analyzing what happened, why it happened, and how it can be done better by the participants and those responsible for the project or event. After-action reviews in the formal sense were originally developed by the U.S. Army. Formal AARs are used by all US military services and by many other non-US organizations. Their use has extended to business as a knowle…

Asynchronous Byzantine fault tolerance (ABFT)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-01-10T21:46:40-0400

Asynchronous Byzantine fault tolerance (ABFT) Return to Glossary Asynchronous Byzantine fault tolerance (ABFT) When a decentralized network is Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT), it means that the honest members, or Nodes, of a Node Network can be guaranteed to agree on the timing and order (consensus) of a set of

Acceptance Testing

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-10-04T13:40:07-0400

Acceptance Testing Return to Glossary Acceptance Testing is a testing technique performed to determine whether or not the software system has met the requirement specifications. The main purpose of this test is to evaluate the system's compliance with the business requirements and verify if it is has met the required criteria for delivery to end users.

Access Control

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-10-04T10:38:10-0400

Access Control Return to Glossary Access Control is a security aspect that handles how user as well as system communicates and use resources. In order to enforce security, each and every access to the system and its resources should be controlled and should ensure only authorized access are allowed. This feature is mainly used to protect against unauthorized disclosure, corruption, modification, and destruction. It generally acts as the first line of defense to avoid the unauthorized access …

Access Control Function

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-10-04T13:40:07-0400

Access Control Function Return to Glossary The Access Control Function prevents unauthorized interactions with an object. It includes both an access control decision function and an access control enforcement function. Within the context of Access Control, objects fulfill the roles of either target or initiator. The function requires access control information about the target, the initiator and the interaction. The initiator requests an interaction with the target from the access control fu…

Accessibility

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-10-04T13:40:07-0400

Accessibility Return to Glossary Accessibility is degree to which a product or system can be used by people with the widest range of characteristics and capabilities to achieve a specified goal in a specified context of use. Source:

Accountability

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-10-03T17:18:02-0400

Accountability Return to Glossary See 4.2.4.5 Accountability Accountability is the degree to which the actions of an entity can be traced uniquely to the entity. Source:

Automated Clearing House (ACH) Network

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-04-19T13:59:09-0400

Automated Clearing House (ACH) Network Return to Glossary Automated Clearing House (ACH) Network is an electronic funds-transfer system run by NACHA, formerly the National Automated Clearing House Association, since 1974. This payment system provides ACH transactions for use with payroll, direct deposit, tax refunds, consumer bills, tax payments, and many more payment services in the United States.

Access Control List (ACL)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-10-03T18:03:23-0400

Access Control List (ACL) Return to Glossary An Access Control List (ACL) contains rules that grant or deny access to certain digital environments. There are two types of ACLs: Filesystem ACLs - filter access to files and/or directories. Filesystem ACLs tell operating systems which users can access the system, and what

Access Control Policy (ACP)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-01-19T16:56:55-0400

Access Control Policy (ACP) Access Control Policy (ACP) are high-level Policy requirements that specify how Access Control is managed and who, under what circumstances, may access what resources. Access Control Policy has traditionally been done in an Application-centric or Organizational-centric bounded Context. With microservices and Zero Trust architectures a data-centric bounded Context is more appropriate.

Apache ActiveMQ

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-01-11T01:50:10-0400

Apache ActiveMQ Return to Glossary Apache ActiveMQ is an Open Source Software (OSS) Message Broker written in Java together with a full Java Message Service (JMS) Client. It provides “Enterprise Features” which in this case means fostering the communication from more than one client or Server. Supported clients include Java via JMS 1.1 as well as several other

Actuarial Tables

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-04-13T14:05:50-0400

Actuarial Tables Return to Glossary Actuarial Tables (also called life expectancy tables, mortality tables,and life tables) are statistical tools used by companies, scientists, courts, and government agencies to predict the life expectancy of a person by their age, gender, and other factors. The tables most often give life expectancy based by year and gender. For example, the life expectancy for women maybe 9.9 years at age 75, 9.5 at age 76, etc. Actuarial tables serve many useful purposes …

Adaptability

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-10-04T13:40:07-0400

Adaptability Return to Glossary See 4.2.1.1 Adaptability Adaptability is the extent to which a software system adapts to change in its environment. An adaptable software system can tolerate changes in its environment without external intervention. For example, a dual-mode cell phone can find out by itself if any one of the two wireless standards it supports is available at its current location and if so it starts using that standard.

Access Control Engine (ACE)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-01-19T16:55:43-0400

Access Control Engine (ACE) Access Control Engine service referenced by each Access Proxy (Identity Aware Proxy) that provides a binary authorization decision based on the Access Control Policy, output of the Trust Inferer, the Resource Inventory Service Entity requested, and real-time credentials.

Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-04-25T13:18:19-0400

Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Return to Glossary The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a symmetric block cipher chosen by the U.S. government to protect classified information. AES is implemented in software and hardware throughout the world to encrypt sensitive data. It is essential for government computer security, cybersecurity, and electronic data protection.

Aggregation Layer

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-10-04T13:40:07-0400

Aggregation Layer Return to Glossary Aggregation Layer, in Decentralized Finance (DeFi), consists of aggregators who connect various applications from the previous layer to provide a service to investors. For example, they might enable the seamless transfer of money between different financial instruments to maximize returns. In a physical setup, such trading actions would entail considerable paperwork and coordination. But a technology-based framework should smoothen the investing rails, a…

Agile Model

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-10-04T13:40:07-0400

Agile Model Return to Glossary Agile Model is an iterative approach to project management and software development that helps teams deliver value to their customers faster and with fewer headaches. Instead of betting everything on a “big bang” launch, an agile team delivers work in small, but consumable, increments. Requirements, plans, and results are evaluated continuously so teams have a natural mechanism for responding to change quickly.

Agreement Ledgers

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-10-04T00:34:59-0400

Agreement Ledgers Return to Glossary Agreement Ledgers are distributed ledgers used by two or more parties to negotiate and reach agreement. Source:

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-10-03T18:04:05-0400

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Return to Glossary Artificial Intelligence (AI) is any intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans and other animals. In computer science, AI research is defined as the study of “intelligent agents”: any device that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of successfully achieving its goals.

Altcoin

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-10-04T13:40:07-0400

Altcoin Return to Glossary Altcoin is an abbreviation of “Bitcoin alternative”. Currently, the majority of altcoins are forks of Bitcoin with usually minor changes to the proof of work (POW) algorithm of the Bitcoin blockchain. The most prominent altcoin is Litecoin. Litecoin introduces changes to the original Bitcoin

Autorité des Marchés Financiers (AMF)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-04-02T15:26:31-0400

Autorité des Marchés Financiers (AMF) Return to Glossary Autorité des Marchés Financiers (AMF) supervises financial companies operating in France . Established by the Financial Security Act of 2003, it is an independent body whose three core responsibilities are to safeguard investments, increase transparency in financial instruments and keep financial markets running smoothly. It is also charged with keeping the nation’s markets and financial services industry free of fraud and money launde…

Anti Money Laundering (AML)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-03-31T17:57:18-0400

Anti Money Laundering (AML) Return to Glossary Anti Money Laundering (AML) regulations in the U.S. have expanded from the 1970 Bank Secrecy Act's requirement that banks report cash deposits of more than \$10,000 to a complex regulatory framework requiring financial institutions to conduct due diligence on customers and to seek out and report suspicious transactions. The European Union and other jurisdictions have adopted similar measures.

Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-01-11T01:41:02-0400

Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) Return to Glossary The Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) is an open standard application layer protocol for Message-Oriented Middleware (MOM). The defining features of AMQP are message orientation, queuing, routing (including Peer-to-Peer (P2P) and Publish-Subscribe), reliability and security.

Analysability

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-10-04T13:40:07-0400

Analysability Return to Glossary See 4.2.3.3 Analysability Analysability is the capability of the software product to be diagnosed for deficiencies or causes of failures in the software, or for the parts to be modified to be identified. Source:

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-10-04T13:40:07-0400

American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Return to Glossary The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) oversees the creation and dissemination of various standards and measures, including business norms and standards in the United States. The ANSI is a private, nonprofit organization and does not develop standards itself. Rather, it oversees the creation of voluntary standards for a variety of manufacturing processes, products, systems, services, and personnel in nearly every U.S.…

Application Programming Interface (API)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-10-03T15:48:52-0400

Application Programming Interface (API) Return to Glossary An Application Programming Interface (API) is a set of protocols, routines, functions and/or commands that programmers use to develop software or facilitate interaction between distinct systems. APIs are available for both desktop and mobile use and are typically useful for programming

Application Container

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-10-04T13:40:07-0400

Application Container Return to Glossary An Application Container is a stand-alone, all-in-one package for a software application. Containers include the application binaries, plus the software dependencies and the hardware requirements needed to run, all wrapped up into an independent, self-contained unit.

Application Layer

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-01-15T11:35:09-0400

Application Layer Return to Glossary In Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model, the Application Layer of the seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model is the top layer that approaches protocols for application interaction with the network. With a focus on end-user services, the application layer helps to facilitate process-to-process connections over

Application

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-01-18T09:12:49-0400

Application Return to Glossary An Application, also known as an Application Program or Application Software, is a computer software package that performs a specific function directly for an end user or, in some cases, for another Application. An Application can be self-contained or a group of programs. The program is a set of operations that runs the application for the user.

Application Binary Interface (ABI)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-10-04T13:40:07-0400

Application Binary Interface (ABI) Return to Glossary Application Binary Interface (ABI), in computer software, is an interface between two binary program modules. Often, one of these modules is a library or operating system facility, and the other is a program that is being run by a user. An ABI defines how data structures or computational routines are accessed in machine code, which is a low-level, hardware-dependent format. In contrast, an

Application Security

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-01-19T11:12:12-0400

Application Security Return to Glossary Application Security is the Business Process of developing, adding, and testing security features within applications to prevent security Vulnerabilities against cyberthreats such as unauthorized access and modification. Application Security describes security measures in the

Application Performance

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-10-03T18:03:22-0400

Application Performance Return to Glossary Application Performance is the measurement of the real-world performance and availability of applications. It is particularly used with remote and cloud computing applications being run in remote servers and served over a network such as the Internet. Application performance is a good indicator of the level of service that a provider is offering and is one of the top monitored IT metrics.

Appropriateness Recognizability

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-10-04T13:40:08-0400

Appropriateness Recognizability Return to Glossary Appropriateness Recognizability is degree to which users can recognize whether a product or system is appropriate for their needs. Source:

Architecture Adaptability

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-10-03T18:03:22-0400

Architecture Adaptability Return to Glossary Architecture Adaptability is when the connectors between software components change without having to change the components. This again comes down to having well-defined, stable APIs for the connectors. Unix File System (UnixFS) is a connector between software components and the physical filesystem. For example, the UnixFS library can be exchanged for the

Argument

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-10-04T13:40:08-0400

Argument Return to Glossary An Argument represents logical propositions intended to support a Claim through reasoning or logic that links Evidence to a claim. Arguments define the relationships directly linking each claim and/or sub-claims, and piece of evidence, used by an argument to the claims immediately supported by the argument. An argument is the explanation of how the evidence can be interpreted as supporting a claim or sub-claim.

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-10-04T04:59:51-0400

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Return to Glossary Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a procedure for mapping a dynamic Internet Protocol Address (IP Address) to a permanent physical machine address in a Local Area Network (LAN). The physical machine address is also known as a Media Access Control (MAC). Source: Juniper Address Resolution Protocol

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Spoofing

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-10-03T17:35:28-0400

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Spoofing Return to Glossary Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Spoofing is one way to initiate man-in-the-middle attacks. The attacker sends an Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) packet that spoofs the MAC address of another device on the Local Area Network (LAN). Instead of the switching device sending traffic to the proper

American Standard for Information Interchange (ASCII)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-10-03T18:03:22-0400

American Standard for Information Interchange (ASCII) Return to Glossary American Standard for Information Interchange (ASCII) is a method of encoding characters that is based on the order of alphabetic characters in the English language. ASCII integer representations have printable and non-printable subsets. Printable characters are normal characters, and non-printable characters are characters used to represent keyboard keys, e.g., backspace, delete, and return.

Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-10-04T03:12:57-0400

Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) Return to Glossary Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) is basically an integrated circuit that is designed specifically for an individual purpose or application. Strictly speaking, this also implies that an ASIC is built for one and only one customer. The opposite of an ASIC is a standard product or general-purposed IC, such as a logic gate or a general-purposed

Asset Class

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-05-06T21:24:42-0400

Asset Class Return to Glossary An Asset Class is a grouping of investments that exhibit similar characteristics and are subject to the same laws and regulations. Asset classes are thus made up of instruments that often behave similarly to one another in the marketplace.

Assurance

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-10-04T13:40:08-0400

Assurance Return to Glossary Assurance is the measure of confidence that the security features, practices, procedures, and architecture of an information system accurately mediates and enforces the security policy. - CNSS 4009 IA Glossary Source: Committee on National Security Systems, CNS 4009 Glossary

Attack Surface

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-08-29T18:09:09-0400

Attack Surface Return to Glossary The Attack Surface is the number of all possible points, or attack vectors, where an unauthorized user can access a system and extract data. The smaller the attack surface, the easier it is to protect. Organizations must constantly monitor their attack surface to identify and block potential threats as quickly as possible. They also must try and minimize the attack surface area to reduce the risk of cyberattacks succeeding. However, doing so becomes difficu…

Attestation Ledgers

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-10-04T07:03:34-0400

Attestation Ledgers Return to Glossary Attestation Ledgers are distributed ledgers that provide a durable record of agreements, commitments or statements, providing evidence (attestation) that these agreements, commitments or statements were made. Source:

Authentication

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-10-03T18:03:22-0400

Authentication Return to Glossary Authentication is the process of determining whether someone or something is, in fact, who or what it declares itself to be. Authentication technology provides access control for systems by checking to see if a user's credentials match the credentials in a database of authorized users or in a data authentication

Authentication Code

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-01-18T09:36:04-0400

Authentication Code Return to Glossary Authentication Code, also known as a Message Authentication Code, is a keyed Cryptographic Checksum based on an approved security function; Source:

Authenticity

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-10-04T13:40:08-0400

Authenticity Return to Glossary See 2.2.4.4 Authenticity Authenticity is the degree to which the identity of a subject or resource can be proved to be the one claimed. Source:

Authority

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-01-25T12:43:03-0400

Authority Return to Glossary Authority is a computing container that grants and manages privileges to resources. Examples of authorities include a DataBase Management System (DBMS), an Operating System (OS), and a Sandbox environment (also see: Sandboxing). Source:

Authorization

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-10-04T05:37:13-0400

Authorization Return to Glossary Authorization is a security mechanism used to determine user/client privileges or access levels related to system resources, including computer programs, files, services, data and application features. Authorization is normally preceded by authentication for user identity verification. System administrators (SA) are typically assigned permission levels covering all system and user resources.

Automation Pyramid

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-10-03T16:30:45-0400

Automation Pyramid Return to Glossary The Automation Pyramid classifies the different IT layers of industrial automated production plants. Every layer or level has is own tasks and IT infrastructure within the production plants. In general, the automation pyramid is divided into 6 layers.

Availability

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-01-25T14:34:36-0400

Availability Return to Glossary See 4.2.2.2 Availability Definition #1 Availability is the probability that a system will work as required when required during the period of a mission. The mission could be the 18-hour span of an aircraft flight. The mission period could also be the 3 to 15-month span of a military deployment. Availability includes non-operational periods associated with reliability, maintenance, and logistics.

Avalanche

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-02-03T20:35:03-0400

Avalanche Return to Glossary Avalanche is an Open Source Software (OSS), programmable Smart Contract Platform for Decentralized Applications. AVAX is the native Cryptocurrency of the Platform. Avalanche uses a quorum based consensus mechanism to achieve agreement in a similar process to a parliament: a proposal (Transaction) is proposed, and voted on to be accepted or

Amazon Web Services (AWS)

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2022-05-11T18:40:25-0400

Amazon Web Services (AWS) Return to Glossary Amazon Web Services (AWS) is a comprehensive, easy-to-use computing platform offered by Amazon. The platform is developed with a combination of Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), and packaged Software as a Service (SaaS) offerings. Source:

Glossary A Terms

Anonymous (anonymous@undisclosed.example.com) — 2021-10-04T13:40:08-0400

Glossary A Terms Return to Glossary Note: You can add new terms beginning with 'A' here List of Words Return to Top * Acceptance Testing * Access Control * Access Control Engine (ACE) * Access Control Function * Access Control List (ACL) * Access Control Policy (ACP) * Accessibility * Accountability * Actuarial Tables * Adaptability * Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) * Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Spoofing * Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) * Advanced Message Queuing…