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1. In Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model, the Application Layer of the seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model is the top layer that approaches protocols for application interaction with the network.

   With a focus on end-user services, the application layer helps to facilitate process-to-process connections over Internet Protocol (IP).

   Source: Application Layer

2. In Decentralized Finance (DeFi), the Application Layer as the name indicates, is where consumer-facing applications reside. These applications abstract underlying protocols into simple consumer-focused services. Most common applications in the cryptocurrency ecosystem, such as decentralized cryptocurrency exchanges and lending services, reside on this layer.¹⁾

   Source: https://www.investopedia.com/decentralized-finance-defi-5113835