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There are five different layers in the Cognitive Model. (See xapend.i_cog_model). Each piece of “data” used within a DIDO can be classified accordingly. For example, the number of cents in a dollar might be classified as Data. Note: to help differentiate the generic, general, all encompasing use of “data” from the specific cognitive “Data”, the cognitive layer is referred to with an Tite case (i.e., first letter is capitalized).

Figure 1: Cognitive Model

1. Data - Data that is a raw concept; it simply exists and has no significance beyond its existence (in and of itself). It is the basis upon which Information concepts are built
2. Information - A concept aggregating data concepts together, in other words, Data that has been given meaning by way of relational connection
3. Knowledge - A concept relating appropriate collection of Information concepts together, such that it's intent is useful
4. Understanding - An interpolative and probabilistic concept that reflects Wisdom concepts
5. Wisdom - An extrapolative and nondeterministic, non-probabilistic concept which is built upon Understanding concepts.

The flow between the cognitive layers is bidirectional and can have many-to-many relationships. For example, any particular Wisdom concept can be associated with any number of Understanding concepts. The inverse is also true; Understanding concepts can also be used to help support any number of Wisdom Concepts.